Risk management for people with inherited mutations
The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) provides guidelines for people with a mutation to manage their cancer risk. We recommend that you speak with a genetics expert who can look at your personal and family history of cancer and can help you decide on a plan for managing your risk. You can learn more about risk-management options in our section on Screening and Risk Reduction by Cancer Type. NCCN recommends that people with an inherited mutation receive education on the signs and symptoms of related cancers. Note that when we use "men" and "women" we are referring to the sex you were assigned at birth.
People with a mutation may also qualify for clinical trials looking for more effective screening or prevention for cancer.
Breast cancer risk management in women
Screening
- Learn to be aware of changes in your breasts beginning at age 18.
- Breast exam by doctor every 6-12 months beginning at age 25.
- Yearly breast with contrast (or if is unavailable) beginning at age 25 and continuing until age 75.
- Yearly beginning at age 30 until age 75.
- Screening after age 75 should be considered on an individual basis.
Risk reduction
- Have a discussion with your doctor about of the benefits and risks of double mastectomy.
- Risk-reducing mastectomy can lower the risk for breast cancer by about 90%. Despite this, mastectomy may not increase your overall survival.
- Even after double mastectomy, some breast tissue is left over, and therefore some breast cancer risk remains after surgery.
- Tamoxifen and other estrogen-blocking drugs may reduce breast cancer risk for women with a mutation, but more research is needed to prove this.
Risk management for male breast cancer
- Learn how to do a breast self-exam and be aware of changes in your breast beginning at age 35.
- Breast exam by doctor yearly beginning at age 35.
- Consider yearly beginning at age 50 or 10 years younger then the earliest case of male breast cancer in the family (whichever comes first).
Ovarian, and uterine cancer risk management
Risk reducing surgery
- Risk-reducing removal of ovaries and () is recommended between age 35 and 40 and after you are done having children.
- Research studies have shown that risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy can improve your overall survival.
- Have a discussion with your doctor about the effects of early menopause and options for managing them.
- After , a very small risk remains (about 1-2 percent) for a related cancer known as primary peritoneal cancer (PPC). Given how rare this cancer is, experts do not recommend screening for PPC after .
- Have a discussion with your doctor about the risks and benefits of removing your uterus (hysterectomy) at the time of . The discussion should include the risks and benefits of hysterectomy, including the following:
- For people considering hormone replacement after surgery, the type of hormone replacement depends on whether or not you still have your uterus.
- Leaving your uterus will mean that you still have some risk for uterine cancer. mutations have been linked to a slightly increased risk for a rare but aggressive type of uterine cancer.
- Estrogen-only hormone replacement does not appear to increase the risk for breast cancer. However, taking only without progesterone increases the risk for uterine cancer.
- Combination hormone replacement with and progesterone can protect against uterine cancer. Combination and progesterone hormone replacement are associated with a higher risk for breast cancer than alone.
- If you have a medical history of fibroids or other medical issues involving the uterus or cervix you might want to consider a hysterectomy.
- For people considering hormone replacement after surgery, the type of hormone replacement depends on whether or not you still have your uterus.
- Removal of the only () is being studied as an option for lowering risk in people who are not ready to remove their ovaries. Studies on the benefit of have not been completed, and at this time, it is not known if lowers the risk for ovarian cancer in high-risk people.
- Consider enrolling in a research study looking at this procedure to lower cancer risk.
Medications to lower risk
- Oral contraceptives (birth control pills) have been shown to lower the risk for ovarian cancer in people with mutations. Research on the affect of oral contraceptives on breast cancer risk has been mixed. You should have a discussion with your doctor about the benefits and risks of oral contraceptives for lowering ovarian cancer risk.
Screening
- Symptom awareness: Become aware of ovarian and primary peritoneal cancer symptoms. Report to any of the following symptoms that persist for several weeks and are a change from normal to your doctor:
- pelvic or abdominal pain
- bloating or distended belly
- difficulty eating
- feeling full sooner than normal
- increased urination or pressure to urinate
- Routine ovarian cancer screening using transvaginal and a blood test has not shown benefit and is not recommended.
Guidelines for pancreatic cancer
There are two tests that are used to look for pancreatic cancer.
- Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is a special type of imaging that looks closely at the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, bile duct and pancreatic duct to find abnormalities such as cancer.
- Endoscopic (EUS) involves passing a tiny scope with an attached probe down the esophagus to the stomach. This allows doctors to look closely at the pancreas.
American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE)
In February 2022, the ASGE released new guidelines on pancreatic cancer screening for people with a mutation. These guidelines recommended:
- All patients with a mutation regardless of family history of pancreatic cancer, should undergo annual screening for pancreatic cancer with MRI/MRCP or EUS beginning at age 50 (or 10 years earlier than the earliest pancreatic cancer in the family).
NCCN guidelines
NCCN guidelines recommend pancreatic cancer screening only for people with a family history of pancreatic cancer. NCCN guidelines include the following recommendations:
- For mutation carriers with a first- or second- degree relative with pancreatic cancer consider screening beginning at age 50 or 10 years younger than the age of diagnosis of the relative.
- Before undergoing screening, you should have a conversation with your doctor about the benefits, risks, costs and limitations of screening.
- Screening includes annual contrast-enhanced MRI/MRCP (magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography) and/or EUS (endoscopic ).
- Screening should be performed in a facility with experience in screening high-risk patients for pancreatic cancer.
Guidelines for cancer
- By age 40, you should have a conversation with your doctor about the potential benefits, risks, costs and limitations of screening for cancer.
- If you choose to have screening, the guidelines recommend an annual digital rectal exam and Specific Antigen () test.
Melanoma screening
NCCN does not include guidelines for melanoma screening for people with mutations. However, some experts recommend general melanoma risk management such as a yearly full-body skin exam, a yearly eye exam and avoiding too much sun exposure.
Other cancer screening and prevention
There has not been enough research to show a benefit from screening and prevention for other cancers in people who have a mutation. For this reason, experts recommend managing these risks based on your family history. Cancer screening and prevention research studies may be available.
FORCE offers many peer support programs for people with inherited mutations.
- Our Message Boards allow people to connect with others who share their situation. Once registered, you can post on the Diagnosed With Cancer board to connect with other people who have been diagnosed.
- Our Peer Navigation Program will match you with a volunteer who shares your mutation and situation.
- Our moderated, private Facebook group allows you to connect with other community members 24/7.
- Check out our virtual and in-person support meeting calendar.
- Join one of our Zoom community group meetings.
updated: 08/06/2022
The following are studies looking at level of risk or risk-management for people with inherited or mutations. Check study listings or contact the study team to see if you are eligible.
Multiple cancers
- NCT04367675: Testing a Vaccine for Cancer Prevention in People with a or Mutation. This study will look at a new vaccine known as INO-5401 used alone or combined with a second vaccine called INO-9012. The study will test if the vaccine is safe and if it activates the immune system. A goal of this research is to reduce cancer risk in people with a or mutation.
- The Risk Factor Analysis of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer In Women with , or Mutations. This study seeks to improve researchers’ understanding of how hormonal, reproductive and lifestyle factors may be associated with cancer in this high-risk population.
- Identification and Analysis of Families With Genetic Susceptibility To Cancer Registry. The research laboratory at the Abramson Cancer Center is studying genetic sources of cancer risk. A number of research projects are performed in collaboration with this registry.
- NCT00579488: Clinical Significance of Germline Mutations. The goal of this study is to help us learn more about the roles of genes and cancers that run in families.
Breast cancer
- NCT04711109: Denosumab for Preventing Breast Cancer in Women with a Inherited Mutation (BRCA-P). This study will test the effectiveness of a drug (denosumab) on preventing the development of breast cancer in women with an inherited mutation.
cancer
- NCT03805919: Men at High Genetic Risk for Cancer. This is a cancer screening study using in high risk men. This study is open to men with , and other inherited mutations.
Ovarian cancer
- Validating a Blood Test for Early Ovarian Cancer Detection in High-risk Women and Families: MicroRNA Detection Study (MiDE). The goal of MiDe is to develop a test to detect ovarian cancer. Participants can be expected to provide up to 4 tubes of blood every 6 months for up to 5 years. We can collect these samples through mobile phlebotomy all around the US. The study is enrolling people with , and other mutations.
- NCT04251052: A Study to Compare Two Surgical Procedures in Women with Mutations to Assess Reduced Risk of Ovarian Cancer (SOROCk). This study is looking at whether removal of just the can reduce the risk of ovarian cancer nearly as much as removing both the ovaries and among women with an inherited mutation.
- NCT05287451: Risk Reducing With Delayed as an Alternative to Risk- Reducing Salpingo-oophorectomy in High Risk-Women to Assess the Safety of Prevention. This study will look at outcomes in women with , , , and who remove their first, followed by removal of their ovaries compared to women who undergo standard-of-care removal of their ovaries and at the same time.
- NCT04794322: Developing a Test for the Detection of Ovarian Cancer. The study aims to develop a test for early detection of ovarian cancer using from a growth involving the ovary found in a washing of the uterus (womb), and proteins found in the blood. Participants will not receive the results of their test.
Pancreatic cancer
- NCT03250078: A Pancreatic Cancer Screening Study in Hereditary High Risk Individuals. The main goal of this study is to screen and detect pancreatic cancer and precursor lesions in individuals with a strong family history or genetic predisposition to pancreatic cancer. and Magnetic cholangiopancreatography (MRI/MRCP) will be utilized to screen for early pancreatic lesions.
- NCT02206360: Pancreatic Cancer Early Detection Program. This pancreatic cancer screening study uses esopheal to screen for pancreatic cancer in high risk people. The study is open to people who have a family history of pancreatic cancer and an in , or other genes.
- NCT03568630: Blood Markers of Early Pancreas Cancer. This pancreatic cancer study involves blood samples over time to look for biomarkers of pancreatic cancer in high risk people. The study is open to people with a mutation linked to increased cancer risk.
- NCT02478892: Preliminary Evaluation of Screening for Pancreatic Cancer in Patients with an Inherited Genetic Risk Due to a , , or Mutation. This study uses and endoscopic to screen for pancreatic cancer in people with a BRCA1/2, or mutation.
Additional risk-management clinical trials for people with inherited mutations may be found here.
updated: 09/11/2022